Pilgrim Theological College
The Connection of Σάρξ and Circumcision in Galatians 5:13–26 in Light of Philo’s Writings
Paul’s use of σάρξ in Galatians has posed a challenge to Pauline scholars. Not only are there diverse understandings of its connotation, there is also a lack of analysis on how the use of the term in Gal. 5:16–6:10 connects to the rest of the letter. In particular, how σάρξ is used in the σάρξ-πνεῦμα juxtaposition in 5:13–26. Previous scholarly interpretation of σάρξ in this antithesis has varied, from sin, to an evil force, to fallen human nature. Both John Barclay and Charles Cousar have commented on this debate. For Barclay the term “is an extremely complex and slippery word in Paul’s vocabulary”; and for Cousar the term “presents difficulties to translators and interpreters.” Although modern interpreters hold different interpretations of σάρξ in Gal. 5:13–26, some analyses suggest an indirect reference to circumcision in Paul’s use of σάρξ. Given the discussion of circumcision is arguably the prime focus in Galatians, my study aims to answer the following question: does σάρξ in Gal. 5:13–26 have any direct or implicit reference to circumcision? To answer this question, I first study the occurrences of σάρξ in Galatians. Subsequently, I examine the works of Philo, to obtain new insights into the connection between the σάρξ -πνεῦμα antithesis and circumcision. My paper will demonstrate two conclusions. First, the overall usage of σάρξ in Galatians exhibits a coherent theme, carrying a thematic meaning referencing circumcision. Therefore, the usage of σάρξ in the juxtaposition would naturally carry the same undertone. Second, in light of the insights gained by studying Philo’s works, I will show how ἡδονή, in particular, sexual pleasure, serves as the connection between σάρξ in the juxtaposition and the practice of circumcision.